Explain the concept of balance of payments. |
The balance of payments (BOP) is a statistical record of a country's International economic transactions over a certain period of time. It consists of a summary of all the economic transactions between one country and the rest of the world. |
Define and differentiate between current account and capital account. |
The current account represents a country's net income over a certain period of time, while the Capital Account is the net change in ownership of national assets. The balance of both accounts represents the overall balance of payments of a country. |
What is Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)? |
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is the economic theory that suggests that the exchange rates between countries should adjust based on the relative price levels of similar goods in different countries. |
Explain the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem. |
The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem proposes that a country will export goods that make intensive use of its abundant and cheap factor of production, while importing goods that make intensive use of its scarcer factors. |
Differentiate between floating and fixed exchange rate regimes. |
Under a fixed exchange rate regime, the exchange rate between countries is set and maintained by the government. In contrast, under a floating exchange rate regime, exchange rates fluctuate based on supply and demand in the foreign exchange market. |
Discuss the effects of currency devaluation on a country's exports. |
Currency devaluation makes a country's exports more competitive by lowering their price on the international market. As a result, demand for the country's exports increases, which could lead to higher volume and revenue from exports. |
Explain why countries pursue a policy of import substitution. |
Countries pursue a policy of import substitution when they want to reduce their reliance on imported goods and promote domestic production of those goods. This policy aims to protect domestic producers from foreign competition by imposing tariffs or other trade barriers. |
What is the Triffin dilemma and how does it relate to the US dollar? |
The Triffin dilemma refers to the paradox whereby the US, whose dollar is the international reserve currency, has to run persistent trade deficits to meet global demand for dollars. This imposes a long-term cost on the US economy and the stability of the global financial system. |
Explain the difference between a tariff and a quota. |
A tariff is a tax on imported goods that raises their price, while a quota is a limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported. Both policies are designed to reduce imports and protect domestic industries. |
What is the Marshall-Lerner Condition and how does it impact a country's trade balance? |
The Marshall-Lerner Condition is a theoretical economic concept that suggests a depreciation of a country's exchange rate will only have a positive impact on the trade balance if the sum of price elasticities of exports and imports is greater than one. This will lead to an improvement in the trade balance over time. |