Peasant |
A person who is a farmer or a laborer, who is considered a member of the lower social class in the medieval feudal system. An example of a peasant activity includes working on farms, tending to the animals, or selling goods at the marketplace. |
Feudalism |
A political and social system used during the Middle Ages, where people were given land (called fiefs) in exchange for their loyalty and service to the king or lords. |
Knight |
A warrior who fought on horseback, often referred to as chivalry, and were in charge of protecting the king or queen. An example of a knight's weaponry includes a sword, lance, and shield. |
Serf |
A person who is bound to the land they work and considered the property of the lord in the medieval feudal system. Serfs were not free and were required to work on their lord's land without pay or any rights. |
Crusades |
A series of holy wars in the medieval period fought between Christian Europe and Muslim forces from the Middle East over control of the Holy Land. |
Monastery |
A religious building or complex where monks live and work, dedicating their lives to prayer, study, and manual labor. Examples of monastery jobs include copying books or farming. |
Joust |
A medieval sport in which two knights on horseback attempt to unseat each other using a long lance. It was often used for entertainment at festivals and tournaments. |
Inquisition |
A religious court established during the medieval period aimed to expose and suppress heresy, or what is considered to be dissent or rejection of church teachings, including witchcraft, blasphemy, and a wide range of other religious crimes. |
Castles |
Strongholds built during the Middle Ages, from stone or timber lined with stone, which served as a home for nobility and were used for defense against invaders. Castles generally had towers and defensive walls, drawbridges, and moats. |
Black Death |
A deadly plague that swept through Europe during the 14th century, killing millions. The plague was carried by fleas on rats and brought on fever and painful boils before leading to death. |
Guild |
A medieval association of skilled craftsmen or merchants that held a monopoly in their trade. Guilds established strict rules for apprenticeship and production to maintain the quality of goods and to protect the income of their members. Guild members would train apprentices, regulate wages, and set the quality standards for their products. |
Chivalry |
A medieval code of conduct among knights that followed honor in battle and loyalty to one's lord. Chivalry also involved a strict respect for women, which included poetic admiration and sometimes idealized relationships. |
Longbow |
A powerful medieval bow that could fire long distances and was used as a weapon in battle. Longbows were used mainly by English archers and were critical to the English victories over the French during the Hundred Years War. |
Fief |
In the medieval feudal system, a piece of land granted to someone (usually a knight) in return for their allegiance and service to a lord. The land could be farmed for profit, and the landowner gained prestige from having many people pledge to serve and work for him. |
Clergy |
Members of the church, including priests, bishops, and other religious officials who upheld the Catholic Church's teachings and practices. |
Moat |
A deep, wide trench surrounding a castle, filled with water as the primary line of defense against invaders. Moats made it harder for medieval enemies to breach castle walls or to dig tunnels beneath them. |
Decree |
A formal order or law issued by an authority in medieval times, often the king or queen. Decrees usually had severe punishments, including fines, imprisonment or death. |
Tournament |
A mock battle or competition between Medieval knights to test their skills. Knights would joust, fight with swords and perform other contests in front of a large audience. Tournaments were often festive events where people would come from all over the kingdom to see the spectacle. |
Court Jester |
A talented fool or entertainer who provides amusement for royalty and the nobility. Jesters would perform songs, dance, juggle and other enjoyable talents. |
Page |
In the middle Ages, a young boy from a noble family, who was trained to become a knight. A page would be trained in the house of a knight or nobleman and taught how to read, write, learn etiquette and manners, and begin learning how to fight. |
Heretic |
A person who believed in religious teachings that opposed the Catholic Church's established beliefs or doctrine. Medieval heretics were typically seen as a threat to Catholic order and stability and would often be persecuted and put to death. |